How can I use a (updated) LaTeX package not provided by the local installation of texlive?
In this case you can install locally the needed LaTeX package to your home directory.
In general download the package from CTAN. Assuming you have downloaded $package_$version.tds.zip extract it in the following way to your ~/texmf:
mkdir -p ~/texmf/tex/generic/$package-$version unzip $package_$version.tds.zip -d ~/texmf/tex/generic/$package-$version
After you have unziped all packages, recreated the ls-R Index via
mktexlsr ~/texmf